Creada por Maria Del Mar Cranham Slew, Dinamizadora del centro de Guadalinfo Albondón
El Proyecto Guadal-Bilingüe
En toda la comunidad autónoma andaluza, y concretamente en los pequeños municipios de la Alpujarra granadina, cada vez existe más variedad entre la población debido a la migración. En muchos casos, las nuevas comunidades que llegan a los municipios no terminan de integrarse debido a las barreras lingüísticas, y al tratarse de núcleos poblacionales tan pequeños, tampoco existen lugares a los que acudir para el aprendizaje de idiomas.
Con este proyecto se pretende ayudar a la ruptura de dichas barreras mediante medios y recursos tecnológicos apropiados para ello (talleres de idiomas, dinámicas integradoras, blog de recursos lingüísticos...), promoviendo de este modo una mayor relación y comunicación entre los diferentes colectivos de los municipios.
El objetivo central de este proyecto es impulsar la cultura de cambio entre los habitantes de los pequeños municipios en los que cada vez más habitan personas de diferentes nacionalidades, para que a través de las nuevas tecnologías aumente el interés por el aprendizaje de otras lenguas, fomentando de este modo la integración social.
Today, we will discuss demonstratives of two types:
demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns.
The first step in clearly understanding these two topics is to
review the differences between "adjectives" and "pronouns."
adjective describes a noun
pronoun takes the place of a noun
In the following sentences, the words in bold all
function as adjectives, since they all
describe the noun "book."
Give me the red book. Give me the big
book. Give me that book. Give me this
book.
Notice that adjectives answer the question "Which?" in
relation to the nouns that they modify. (Which book? The red
book. The big book. That book. This book.)
In the following sentences, the words in bold all
function as pronouns, since they all take the
place of a noun.
Maria is next; give her the ball. Juan
is here; say hello to him. That pencil is yours;
this is mine. This book is mine; that
is yours.
As you have just seen, the words "this" and "that"
can function as both adjectives and pronouns.
This book is mine. (adjective) This
(one) is mine. (pronoun)
That book is yours.(adjective) That
(one) is yours. (pronoun)
The same is true in Spanish.
Juan reads this book. (adjective) Juan
lee este libro.
Juan reads this. (pronoun) Juan lee
este.
That statue is Greek. Esa
estatua es griega.
That (one) is Spanish. Esa
es español.
Spanish has three words where English only has two.
In English, we say "this" or "that" depending
upon whether the object is close to us or not.
In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but
there is another, separate word used to mean "that one over
there."
This form is used when the object is more than just a short
distance away, for example, on the other side of the room.
Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and
"that one over there."
este this
ese that
aquel that one over there
Remember that in Spanish, adjectives have four forms:
masculine singular,
masculine plural,
feminine singular,
feminine plural.
For example the adjective "short" has four forms in
Spanish: bajo, bajos, baja, bajas.
el chico bajo los chicos bajos
la chica baja las chicas bajas
The demonstrative adjectives also have four forms:
este libro (this book) estos
libros (these books) esta casa (this house) estas
casas (these houses)
ese libro (that book) esos
libros (those books) esa casa (that house) esas
casas (those houses)
aquel libro (that book over
there) aquellos libros (those books over
there) aquella casa (that house over
there) aquellas casas (those houses over there)
Here are the corresponding demonstrative pronouns:
este (this one - masculine) estos
(these ones - masculine) esta (this one -
feminine) estas (these ones - feminine)
ese (that one - masculine) esos
(those ones - masculine) esa (that one -
feminine) esas (those ones - feminine)
aquel (that one over there -
masc.) aquellos (those ones over there -
masc.) aquella (that one over there -
fem.) aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)
Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form.
They do not change for number or gender, and they are used to
refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.
esto (this matter, this thing)
eso (that matter, that thing)
aquello (that matter/thing over there)
Demonstratives:
A. Choose the correct demonstrative adjective that corresponds to
"this" or "these."
Forman el pasado y participio pasado de manera
irregular. Para el presente se comportan como los verbos regulares,
añadiendo '-s' a la tercera persona singular (excepto 'to
be' y 'to have').
The following verbs have irregular forms for the first person
singular of the present tense:
caber (to fit) - yo quepo
caer (to fall) - yo caigo
conducir (to drive) - yo conduzco
conocer (to know, to be acquainted with) - yo conozco
escoger (to choose) - yo escojo
dirigir (to direct) - yo dirijo
hacer (to do, to make) - yo hago
poner (to put, to place) - yo pongo
saber (to know something - a fact) - yo sé
salir (to leave) - yo salgo
seguir (to follow) - yo sigo
traer (to bring) - yo traigo
valer (to be worth) - yo valgo
ver (to see) - yo veo
In addition to memorizing the above listed verbs, you should
familiarize yourself with the following three rules:
1. For verbs that end in -cer and -cir,
change the c to zc for the yo
form:
conocer (to know) yo conozco
conducir (to drive) yo conduzco
crecer (to grow) yo crezco
traducir (to translate) yo traduzco
establecer (to establish) yo establezco
producir (to produce) yo produzco
2. For verbs that end in -ger and -gir,
change the g to j for the yo
form:
escoger (to choose) yo escojo
dirigir (to direct) yo dirijo
emerger (to emerge) yo emerjo
fingir (to pretend) yo finjo
3. For verbs that end in -guir,
change the gu to g for the yo
form:
seguir (to follow) yo sigo
conseguir (to get) yo consigo
distinguir (to distinguish) yo distingo
Verbs with Irregular First Persons:
A. For each infinitive, write the first person singular (yo) form
for the present tense.
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to
be" with the present participle.
(The present participle is merely the "-ing" form of a
verb.)
I am studying.
I am studying with María.
In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is
happening now, or what will happen in the future.
I am studying now.
I am studying with María tonight.
In Spanish, the present progressive is only used to describe an
action that is in the process of taking place. It is not
used for future actions.
I am studying now.
(use present
progressive)
I am studying with María tonight.
(do
not use present progressive)
To form the present progressive in Spanish, combine a form of
"estar" with the present participle.
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
Juan está comiendo.
John is eating.
María está escribiendo una carta.
Mary
is writing a letter.
In order to form the present progressive, you must know how to
conjugate the verb estar, and how to form the present participle.
Here is the verb estar conjugated:
Estar
Yo estoy
Tu estás
El / Ella está
Nosotros
estamos
Vosotros estáis
Ellos están
To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add
-ando to the stem of the verb.
hablar: hablando
(hablar - ar + ando)
trabajar: trabajando
(trabajar - ar +
ando)
estudiar: estudiando
(estudiar - ar +
ando)
To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs,
add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)
hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)
vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)
escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir
+ iendo)
To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change
e:i and o:u in the stem, and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
servir: sirviendo
pedir:
pidiendo
decir: diciendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir:
muriendo
poder: pudiendo
Sometimes when forming the present participle it is necessary to
change the spelling of a word so that it agrees with the way it is
pronounced. We call this an "orthographic" change. Here are
some common examples:
To fall - caer: cayendo
To beleive -
creer: creyendo
To escape - huir: huyendo
To
go - ir: yendo
To influence - influir:
influyendo
To hear - oír: oyendo
To
bring - traer: trayendo
To read - leer:
leyendo
To follow - seguir: siguiendo
The following examples illustrate the rules for forming the
present participle.
Here are the ordinal numbers first - tenth: primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth sexto sixth séptimo seventh octavo eighth noveno ninth décimo tenth
Like many other adjectives, the ordinal numbers have a masculine
and a feminine form.
primero primera
segundo segunda
tercero tercera
cuarto cuarta
quinto quinta
sexto sexta
séptimo séptima
octavo octava
noveno novena
décimo décima
They also have a singular and plural form.
primero primeros
segundo segundos
tercero terceros
cuarto cuartos
quinto quintos
sexto sextos
séptimo séptimos
octavo octavos
noveno novenos
décimo décimos
So, the ordinal numbers have four forms, just like other
adjectives that end in -o.
primero, primeros primera, primeras
Primero and tercero drop the -o in the masculine singular
adjective form.
el primer día el tercer año
Ordinal numbers usually precede the noun.
However, if the noun they refer to is royalty, a pope, or a street,
they come after the noun. Carlos Quinto ("Quinto" comes after
"Carlos" - royalty) el quinto libro ("quinto" comes
before "libro") la Calle Sexta ("sexta" comes after
"calle" - street) la sexta pluma ("sexta" comes before
"pluma")
Ordinal numbers are not normally used after 10. la Calle Dieciséis Sixteenth Street el siglo diecinueve
the nineteenth century
In Spanish, many useful expressions are formed by combining two
verbs. When this occurs, the first verb is conjugated, while the
second verb remains in the infinitive form.
Yo voy a viajar a España. I
am going to travel to Spain.
Tú acabas de comer. You have
just eaten.
Juan no puedecomer. Juan
can't eat.
María vuelve a leer el
libro. María reads the book again.
One such expression combines the verb volver (conjugated) with an
infinitive. The preposition "a" is always used. The formula
is:
volver a + infinitive = to do something again
Vuelvo a leer el libro. I
read the book again.
Cristina vuelve a hablar con mi
mamá. Christina speaks with my mother again.
Remember, volver is an o:ue stem-changing verb.
Yo vuelvo Tu vuelves El/Ella vuelve
Nosotros volvemos Vosotros volvéis
Ellos vuelven
Volver a + infinitive:
A. Fill in the blank to form a sentence that means the same.
Acabar de (to have just done /
finished something) + Infinitive
In Spanish, many useful expressions are formed by combining
two verbs.
When this occurs, the first verb is conjugated,
while the second verb remains in the infinitive
form.
Yo voy a viajar a
España. I am going to travel to Spain.
Tú acabas de comer. You
have just eaten.
Juan puedenadarcada
día. Juan can swim every day.
María vuelve a leer el
libro. María reads the book again.
One such expression combines the verb acabar (conjugated)
with an infinitive.
The preposition "de" is always used.
The verb acabar de:
Yo acabo de Tu acabas de El/Ella acaba de Nosotros
acabamos de Vosotros acabáis de Ellos acaban de
The formula is: acabar de + infinitive = to have just done something
(in the very recent past)
Acabo de llevar a mi hermana a su
casa. I just took my sister to her house.
Acabas de invitar a muchas
muchachas. You have just invited many girls.
Cristina acaba de conversar con mi
mamá. Christina has just spoken with my mom.
Nosotros acabamos de leer el libro. We
just read the book.
Vosotros acabáis de escribir unas
cartas. You-all have just written some letters.
Ellos acaban de nadar en el mar. They
have just swum in the ocean.
